Rabu, 10 November 2010

8 Misteri Yang Akan Menambah Wawasan Anda !!!
Ternyata Dunia itu penuh misteri. Bukan misteri gunung merapi. Tapi misteri yang tidak bisa kita percayai, tapi itu memang ADA dan bukan HOAX semata. Ada 8 misteri dunia yang menarik untuk dibaca, yang tentunya pasti akan menambah wawasan Anda.


1.Petir Abadi di Venezuela


Petir Catatumbo yang misterius adalah sebuah fenomena alam yang unik di dunia. Terletak di muara sungai Catatumbo di Danau Maracaibo. Fenomena ini berupa awan petir yang membentuk sebuah "garis" kilat sepanjang 5 kilometer, setiap 140 - 160 malam dalam setahun, selama 10 jam tiap malam, dan lebih dari 280 kali dalam 1 jam itu. Ini hampir bisa disebut 'badai permanen'.

Petir ini mempunyai intensitas 400.000 ampere dan terlihat hingga 400 km jauhnya. Menurut penelitian, petir ini terjadi karena tumbukan angin yang berasal dari Pegunungan Andes. Petir ini juga dijadikan sebagai navigasi oleh para pelaut.

2.Hujan Ikan di Honduras


The Rain of Fishes (Hujan ikan) ada diceritakan dalam Cerita Rakyat Honduras. Namun, juga terjadi secara nyata di Departamento de Yoro, antara bulan Mei dan Juli. Saksi mengatakan bahwa fenomena ini dimulai dengan awan gelap di langit, diikuti dengan kilat, guntur, angin kencang dan hujan lebat selama 2 - 3 jam. Setelah hujan berhenti, ratusan ikan ditemukan hidup di tanah. Orang mengambil ikan - ikan ini dan memasaknya. Sejak 1998, Festival Hujan Ikan dirayakan setiap tahun di kota Yoro.

3. Kambing yang Memanjat di Maroko


Kambing yang memanjat pohon, hanya dapat ditemukan di Maroko. Kambing ini memanjat pohon karena ingin memakan buah dari Pohon Argan, yang mirip dengan Buah Zaitun.

4. Hujan Merah di Kerala


Dari 25 Juli sampai 23 September 2001, hujan merah turun di selatan India, Propinsi Kerala. Tidak hanya merah, hujan warna kuning, hijau dan hitamjuga dilaporkan terjadi. Pemerintah India menemukan bahwa hujan ini telah "diwarnai" oleh spora dari alga, yang tersebar di udara. Kemudian, awal tahun 2006, Kerala pun menjadi perhatian dunia.

5. Ombak Terpanjang di Brazil


Dua kali dalam setahun, antara Februari dan Maret, air Samudera Atlantik bertumpuk di Sungai Amazon, menciptakan gelombang ombak terpanjang di dunia. Fenomena ini disebabkan oleh arus Samudera Atantik yang memenuhi muara sungai, sehingga menghasilkan ombak setinggi 12 kaki yang dapat berlangsung hingga lebih dari setengah jam.

6. Matahari Hitam di Denmark

Selama musim semi di Denmark, sekitar satu setengah jam sebelum senja, lebih dari 1 juta Sturnus Vulgaris (sejenis burung) berkumpul dari seluruh pelosok untuk bergabung dan membentuk suatu kumpulan yang luar biasa besar di udara. Hinnga membuat langit menjadi terasa gelap. Fenomena ini disebut Black Sun, dan dapat disaksikan di awal musim semi di barat Denmark.


7. Pelangi Api di Idaho


Femonena atmosfer yang dikenal dengan circumhorizon arc atau Fire Rainbow (pelangi api), akan muncul ketika matahari berada tinggi (lebih dari 58 derajat diatas horizon). Cahaya matahari menembus lurus dan menyinari awan cirrus, sehingga menghasilkan semacam lempengan kristal segi enam dan membentuk efek prisma. Sehingga terlihat pelangiyang berbentuk seperti api.


8. Misteri Crop Circle



Crop circle adalah suatu bentuk lingkaran dan bentuk bentuk lain seperti geometri (dan kebayakan berukuran besar/luas ), bahkan adajuga yang yang biasa ditemui membentuk citra mahkluk hidup seperti kalajengking,bunga matahari,Lebah,dll.diladang pertanian khususunya gandum. Di Inggris, Canada, Amerika, Australia dan Jepang, banyak ditemukan fenomena crop circle.

Fenomena ini biasanya muncul di musim panas saat ladang pertanian ditumbuhi dengan tanaman.. Bentuk geometri itu kadang berupa lingkaran-lingkaran atau bisajuga berbentuk rangkaian gambar yang unik, yang menunjukkan bahwa pembuatnya adalam makhluk yang cerdas.

Tapi, crop circle ini bukan dibuat oleh manusia berdasarkan berbagai bukti yang telah diselidiki oleh para ilmuwan. Lantas mahkluk apa seperti yang kurang kerjaan membuat semua ini??? Crop circle banyak dijumpai di Inggris selatan.

Kamis, 28 Oktober 2010

Youth Pledge

Youth Pledge 
The Youth Pledge (Indonesian: Sumpah Pemuda), was a declaration made on 28 October 1928 by young Indonesian nationalists at a conference in the then-Dutch East Indies. They proclaimed three ideals, one motherland, one nation and one language.


BACKGROUND



The first Indonesian youth congress was held in Batavia, capital of the then-Dutch East Indies in 1926, but produced no formal decisions but did promote the idea of a united Indonesia. In October 1928, the second Indonesian youth congress was held at three different locations. In the first session, the hope was expressed that the congress would inspire the feeling of unity.
The second session saw discussions about educational issues. In the third and final session, held at Jalan Kramat Raya No, 126, on October 28 participants heard the future Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The congress closed with a reading of the youth pledge.
HISTORY OF YOUTH PLEDGE

The idea of organizing the Second Youth Congress comes from the Student Association of Indonesian Students (GN), a youth organization which membered students from all over Indonesia. On the initiative GN, congresses held in three different buildings and divided in three meetings. Resulting in the Youth Pledge.

First Meeting, Building Jongenlingen Katholieke Bond
The first meeting, Saturday, October 27, 1928, in Building Katholieke Jongenlingen Bond (KJB), Field Bull. In his speech, Soegondo hope the conference will strengthen the spirit of unity in the hearts of youth. The event was followed by a description Moehammad Jamin about the meaning and relationship of unity with youth. According to him, there are five factors that can strengthen the unity of Indonesia, namely the history, languages, customary law, education, and willingness.

Second Meeting, Building Oost-Java Bioscoop
The second meeting, Sunday, October 28, 1928, in Oost-Java Bioscoop Building, to discuss education issues. Second speaker, Poernomowoelan and Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro, agreed that children should receive education nationality, must also be a balance between education at school and at home. Children also should be educated in a democratic manner.

Third Meeting, Building Indonesisch Huis Kramat
At the next session, Soenario explain the importance of nationalism and democracy in addition to scouting movement. While Ramelan argues, the scouting movement can not be separated from the national movement. Scouting movement since the early to educate children and self-discipline, the things that are needed in the struggle.

Before the congress closed played the song "Indonesia" by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The song was greeted with a very lively by Congress participants. Congress was closed by announcing the formulation of the congress


THE PLEDGE


In Indonesian, with the original spelling, the pledge reads]:
Pertama
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe bertoempah darah jang satoe, tanah air Indonesia.
Kedoea
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe berbangsa jang satoe, bangsa Indonesia.
Ketiga
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Indonesia.
In English:
Firstly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.
Secondly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one nation, the nation of Indonesia.
Thirdly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, respect the language of unity, Indonesian.


PEMOEDA CONGRESS COMMITTEE CONSISTS OF:

Chairman: Soegondo Djojopoespito (GN)
Vice Chairman: R.M. Djoko Marsaid (Jong Java)
Secretary: Mohammad Jamin (Jong Sumateranen Bond)
Treasurer: Amir Sjarifuddin (Jong Bataks Bond)
Maid I: Djohan Mohammad Tjai (Jong Islamieten Bond)
Assistant II: R. Katja Soengkana (Pemoeda Indonesia)
Assistant III: Senduk (Jong Celebes)
Assistant IV: John Leimena (yong Ambon)
Assistant V: Rochjani Soe'oed (Pemoeda Kaoem Betawi)
Participants:


·        Abdul Muttalib Sangadji
·        Wulan Purnama
·        Abdul Rachman
·        Raden Suharto
·        Abu Hanifa
·        Raden Soekamso
·        Adnan Kapau Gani
·        Ramelan
·        Amir (Dienaren van Indie)
·        Saerun (Keng Po)
·        Anta Permana
·        Sahardjo
·        Anwari
·        Sarbini
·        Arnold Manonutu
·        Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro
·        Assaat
·        Sartono
·        Bahder Djohan
·        S.M. Kartosoewirjo
·        Dali
·        Setiawan
·        DARSA
·        Sigit (Indonesische Studieclub)
·        Dien Pantouw
·        Siti Sundari
·        Djuanda
·        Sjahpuddin Latif
·        Dr.Pijper
·        Sjahrial (Adviseur inlandsch voor Zaken)
·        Emma Puradiredja
·        Soejono Djoenoed Poeponegoro
·        Halim
·        R.M. Djoko Marsaid
·        Hamami
·        Soekamto
·        Jo Plant
·        Soekmono
·        Joesoepadi
·        Soekowati (Volksraad)
·        Jos Masdani
·        Soemanang
·        Kadir
·        Soemarto
·        Karto Menggolo
·        Soenario (PAPI & INPO)
·        Kasman Singodimedjo
·        Soerjadi
·        Koentjoro Poerbopranoto
·        Soewadji Prawirohardjo
·        Martakusuma
·        Soewirjo
·        Masmoen Rasid
·        Soeworo
·        Mohammad Ali Hanafi
·        Suhara

·        Mohamed Nazif
·        Sujono (Volksraad)
·        Mohammad Roem
·        Sulaiman
·        Mohammad Tabrani
·        Suwarni
·        Mohammad Tamzil
·        Tjahija
·        Muhidin (Pasundan)
·        Van der Plaas (Dutch Government)
·        Mukarno
·        Wilopo
·        Muwardi
·        Wage Rudolf Soepratman
·        Miss Tumbel




Note:
Before reading the text of an oath Pemoeda played the song "Indonesia Raya"
composition W.R. Soepratman with friction violin.
Youth Pledge text was read on October 28, 1928 place
Jalan Kramat Raya, Central Jakarta 106 number is now a museum Oath
Youth, at the time was owned by a Chinese named Sie
Kong Liong.
2. Chinese Foreign Eastern Group also attended as observers
Youth Congress on the Youth Pledge of time reading the text there are 4 (four)
namely:
a. Kwee Thiam Hong
b. Oey Kay Siang
c. John Lauw Tjoan Hok
d. Tjio Djien Kwie




VISION AND MISSION OF SUMPAH PEMUDA
Vision
      
The realization of conservation and communication of the values contained in the    history of Youth Oath for the benefit of coaching the younger generation.

Mission
  • The collection, maintenance, and preservation of objects relating to the history of   Youth Oath
  • Documentation and scientific research relating to the history of Youth Oath
  • The introduction and dissemination of scientific research results related to the history of Youth Oath;         
  • Presentation of objects relating to the history of Youth Oath;         
  • Utilization of the museum as an educational institution non fomal;         
  • Increasing public appreciation of museums;
  • Generating a sense of pious and grateful to God Almighty   Youth Pledge Building


    Jl. Kramat Raya No. 106, Jakarta Central Jakarta
    There are many events considered important in the history of Indonesia's struggle for independence, leading to the Proclamation of Independence on August 17, 1945. One was the May 20, 1908 founding of Budi Utomo, an organization focused on Indonesian educational and cultural training, and second the Pledge of Indonesian Youth on October 28, 1928. It was a pledge by several youth organizations to forget all ethnic and regional differences and instead commit themselves to the idea of living as people of one country, belonging to one nation and possessing one national language. The principle of unity among the diverse ethnic groups and regions in Indonesia was thus begun. The organization started on Jl. Kramat Raya 102, the present Gedung Sumpah Pemuda.

    Youth Pledge inspires rallies, apathy

    THE JAKARTA POST/JAKARTA
    Eighty-two years since young Indonesians nationalists first gathered, some students vowed to use Youth Pledge Day on Oct. 28 to challenge the government, while others-said were no longer inspired by the pledge.
    The Youth Pledge (Sampah Pemuda) emerged during the first Indonesian youth congress in 1928, when participants made a now famous proclamation "One country. One nation. One language".
    "Now, students must be brave in fighting against a government that has failed to serve its citizens," University of Indonesia Student Action Front (FAM UI) representative Urai Zul-hendrie told The Jakarta Post recently.
    Student Action Front activists plan to rally in front of the Presidential Palace today to commemorate the pledge and to protest what they view as President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono failures in leading the nation.
    The activists also participated in last weeks rallies marking the end of the first year of Yudhoyonos second term in office.
    Another student group looked at the Youth Pledge as just another event from the past.
    "Our group was established in response to the Semanggi I incident, not by the Youth Pledge," said Kris-tian Erdianto, 23, from Atma Jaya Universitys Semanggi Students Action Front, known as F"AMSI.
    "The front focuses on current economic and political issues in the country."
    Seventeen people were killed in the Semanggi I incident in 1998 during demonstrations that forced the ouster of then president Soeharto and the end of 32 years of his authoritarian rule. Almost a year later, 10 died and scores were injured in the so-called Semanggi II incident.
    "Were looking for sources of momentum that are more us, such as the Semanggi incidents as well as Trisakti incident," Kristian said, referring to the killing of four Trisakti University students, later called "reform heroes", which led to the May 1998 riots.
    Kemas Aulia, 19, a sophomore Oil Engineering student at Trisakti University, said he refused to join student movements".
    "Such movements are useless. Up to now, I have never felt the effect of so-called transformation," he said. "[Students who join protests] dont know anything about the topics of the rallies. Those kinds of students could act violently during protests just for sensationalism," he said.
    He said some new students joined protests out of fear of retribution from their seniors.
    Pancasila University deputy student senate chairman Abdullah Assegaf said that the student movement today was prone to manipulation by certain organizations or political parties. "Some [students] are affiliated with certain mass organizations," he told the Post.
    Abdullah said he wanted the university senate to focus on issues related to interna] campus affairs.
    "The internal management of this university itself is still messy, especially regarding transparency for student funds. Thats the first thing we should be concerned about," he said, (ipa)



Jumat, 15 Oktober 2010

ALL ABOUT BUKITTINGGI CITY

BUKITTINGGI CITY

Bukittinggi (Indonesian for "high hill") is one of the larger cities in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of over 91,000 people and an area of 25.24 km². It is situated in the Minangkabau highlands, 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang. It is located at  0°18′20″S 100°22′9″E / 0.30556°S 100.36917°E / -0.30556; 100.36917, near the volcanoes Mount Singgalang (inactive) and Mount Marapi (still active). At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1°-24.9°C.

History



The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace.[1]
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock.[2] The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.[3] In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population.[4] A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.[5]
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.[6]

MOSQUE IN CENTRAL BUKITTINGGI
 
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city was the headquarters for the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.[7]
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity.[8] Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.[9]

Transportation

Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.

Administration

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are: Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.

Tourism

It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:
  • Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)


The Sianok Canyon (ngarai sianok) is located in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra,Indonesia. Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Gorge) has two hill walls facing each other almost vertically. Its height is about 100 to 120 meters and length around 15kilometers. These wall curved like a gorge where there are wide rice fields and Sianol river’s bends on its base. This gorge separates Bukit Tinggi and Mount Singgalang. The scientists concluded that this canyon is apart of fault, which separated of Sumatra Island to be two stretches along a length path ( Watermelon fault ).
The beautiful Sianok Canyon is a favorite spot for tourists. Sianok Canyon is one of the most impressive sites in West Sumatra, is very very amazing, particularly during sunrise and sunset, and can be best viewed from the Panorama park Bukittinggi or you could also go into the gorge, which is a settlement and paddy field area. In addition to the gorges beauty, visitors can also visit a Japanese bunker (the Japanese bunker is a massive excavation used by the Japanese to hide troops and munitions during WW II) located at the base of the gorge.


  • Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II
  • Pasar Ateh and Pasar Bawah - traditional market in downtown


    • Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.




    Jam Gadang (literally "Massive Clock") is a clocktower and major landmark of the city of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located in the centre of the city, near the main market, Pasar Atas, and is a tourist attraction.

    History

    The structure was build in 1926 during the Dutch colonial era, as a gift from the Queen to city's controleur. It was designed by architects Yazin and Sutan Gigi Ameh. Originally a rooster figure was placed on the apex, but it was changed into a Jinja-like ornament during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. Following Indonesian independence, it was reshaped to its present form resembling traditional Minangkabaun roofs (see Rumah gadang). It is said to have cost 3,000 Guilder.

    Clock structure

    The clock's diameter is 80 centimeters, the base's dimension is 13 metres in length and 4 metres wide, and it stands 26 metres tall.
    One unique feature of the clock is that it uses the IIII for the number 4 instead of its traditional Roman Number IV.
    • Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass.

    • Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum. [10]